Envis Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India
Printed Date: Sunday, November 10, 2024
Bio- medical waste
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.
Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care establishments in India are not giving due attention to their waste management. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.
Biomedical Waste Management Rules were adopted in 2000. Regulators and waste generators are still in the process of evolving strategies and action plans to implement this regulation. Given the early stage of public attention to this issue, the information base currently available does not elucidate on the nature and extent of the problem. UPSPCB is in the process of inventorising all categories of biomedical waste generation.
Quick estimates of biomedical waste
District wise biomedical waste generation potential is estimated based on the number of hospital beds. The total quantity if biomedical waste for UP is estimated at 20.7 MT per day. A WHO study has shown that, of the total biomedical waste, about 85 percent is non-infectious, 10 percent is infectious but non-hazardous and rest 5 percent is both infectious as well as hazardous in nature (CPCB, 2000).
Inadequate compliance from hospitals
Hospitals, which came under the regulatory purview of the UPSPCB for the first time, are reluctantly coming forward to seek approval for disposal of; biomedical waste, Of the 1624 hospitals identified in the state, only 344 (21%) either own or use common incineration facilities for disposal of biomedical waste. Even among these 344 hospitals, only 12 (<1%) have obtained approval from UPSPCB FOR disposal of biomedical waste.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES
The Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India has notified Bio- medical wastes (Handling and Management) Rules 1998 under section 6,8 and 25 of Environment (Protection) Act 1986. Rules have been subsequently amended in 2000. The rules have been framed to ensure protection of environment. Prescribed standards for handling and treatment and disposal of bio-medical wastes have been laid down along with responsibilities of concerned.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE - Segregation, Collection and Packaging
Collection Mode
|
Type of Waste
|
Treatment
|
Yellow Bags
|
Anatomical & Animal Waste,
|
Incineration
|
|
Microbiology & Biotechnology
|
Deep burial
|
|
Waste, Solid Waste (dressings etc.)
|
|
|
|
|
Red Bags
|
Microbiology, Solid Waste
|
Autoclaving/
|
|
(Disposable plastic waste) and soiled
|
Microwaving
|
|
|
chemical
|
|
|
treatment
|
|
|
|
White
|
Sharps, plastic
|
Autoclaving
|
Plastic or
|
|
Chemical
|
puncture
|
|
treatment
|
proof containing
|
|
|
|
|
|
Black
|
Discarded medicines
|
Secured Landfill
|
|
Incineration ash Chemicals
|
|
SOURCE: HTTP://EDUGREEN.TERI.RES.IN
Other standards for treatment
- Standards for autoclaving have been prescribed and validation test also prescribed.
- Standards for liquid waste have been prescribed.
- Standards for microwave treatment have also been prescribed.
- Standards for deep burial prescribed.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE
- Incineration
- Deep Burial
- Autoclaving
- Shredding
- Needle cutters
- Microwaving
- Disinfection
- Chemical Treatment (1% by hypochlorite soln.)
- Secured Landfill
1.
|
Primary Chamber Temp.
|
800 + 500C
|
2.
|
Secondary Chamber Temp.
Gas residence Time
|
1050 + 500C
One second
|
3.
|
Only low sulphur fuel to be used
|
LDO/Diesel/LPG
|
4.
|
Emission
(Fitted with APCS)
|
SPM 150 mg/Nm3
Nox 150 mg/Nm3
HCI 150 mg/Nm3
|
5.
|
Minimum Stack Height
|
30 Meter
|
DEEP BURIAL
- TRENCH - 2 M DEEP to be half filled by waste
- SOIL layer 10 cm after each disposal
- LIME layer 30 cm
- SOIL on top
- FENCED And COVERED with wire net/mesh
- FOR LESS THAN 5 LAC POPULATION TOWNS & RURAL AREAS
SOURCE: U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Status of CBWTF as on 10-06-2013
Sl. No.
|
Name & Address of CBWTF with phone no.
|
Name of cities/ areas covered by
CBWTF
|
Total no. of
HCFs being
covered
|
Total no. of
beds covered
|
I
|
M/s Synergy Waste Management
(P) Ltd. Meerut Ph.O1 1-26933371.
011-26933372
|
Noida, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Saharanpur, Bijnore, Moradabad.
|
922
|
8873
|
2
|
M/s Bio Medical Waste Disposal
Agcncey, Mathura
Mobile-09412280833
|
Aligarh. Kashganj
|
216
|
3718
|
3
|
M/s Dutt Enterprises Ltd, 29,Alkapuri, Daya1bagh, Agra
Mob. No. 9997981999
|
Mathura, Agra, Hathras, Aligarh,
Mainpuri, Etah, Etawah, Shikohabad, Firozabad
|
677
|
6870
|
4
|
M/s Samb Ramkey Pvt. Ltd.,C-21,
M.G. Road Ind. Area Ghaziabad.
|
Gaziabad, Noida, Meerut, Moradabad
Hapur
|
545
|
8410
|
5
|
M/s Center for Pollution
Control, Mohansarai, Varanasi
|
Varanasi, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Chandauli
Balia , Sant ravidas Nagar
|
272
|
4898
|
6
|
M/s Medical Pollution Control
Committee, D-4 Growth Centre,
Bijoli, Jhansi 09628369361
|
Jhansi, La1itpur, Mahoba, Jalaun
|
1 52
|
2950
|
7
|
M/s SNG Mercantile Pvt. Ltd., Barailly CTF Viii. Benipur Chaudharj near city station Bareilly, 09411071936
|
Bareilly, Rampur, Pilibhit, Badaun Shahjahapur, Lakimpurkhiri, Jyoti Ba Phule Nagar
|
375
|
6236
|
8
|
Mls Senergy Waste Management
Co, Ltd, Barabanki
|
Barabanki, Lucknow, Sitapur,
Mahmudabad
|
250
|
6444
|
9
|
M/s MPCC Kanpur CTF 148, Bhaila Mau,Bhaila, Kanpur
9839111500
|
Kanpur, Unnao, Kanpur Dehat, Kannauj,
Fatehpur, Banda, Auraiya, Hamirpur,
Chitrakoot
|
411
|
5136
|
10
|
M/s Willward lnvirinc, Kanpur
Nagar
|
Kanpur nagar
|
1 56
|
2064
|
II
|
M/s Ferro Build Hards (India) Pvt.
Ltd. 83A, Maheba Purab Patti , Mirzapur Road, Naini,
Allahabad-07, 09415322193
|
Allahabad, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Rae
Baraeli
|
309
|
7296
|
12
|
M/s S.S. Medical System (Ind.) Pvt.
Ltd, Mauayama Raibareli Road
Faizabad, 09839022234
|
Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich, Shrawasti, Ambedkar Nagar, Balrampur, Barabanki, Lucknow
|
646
|
11000
|
13
|
M/s SNG Mercantile Pvt. Ltd., Plot
no. D-33 U PSIDC, Industrial Area
Khalilabad, 09670365114
|
Gorakhpur, Kusinagar, Deoria, Basti,
Maharajganj, Siddharth Nagar, Khalilabad
|
220
|
4000
|
Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000
April - 2011
Bed Capacity
|
Total No of Hospitals
|
Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator
|
No of hospitals having license
|
500 or more then 500 beds
|
21
|
21
|
10
|
More then 200 less then 500 beds
|
51
|
48
|
19
|
More then 50 but less then 200 beds
|
263
|
247
|
135
|
Less then 50 beds
|
3921
|
3726
|
2760
|
Others
|
739
|
683
|
493
|
Total
|
4995
|
4725
|
3417
|
Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000
April - 2010
Bed Capacity
|
Total No of Hospitals
|
Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator
|
No of hospitals having license
|
500 or more then 500 beds
|
18
|
18
|
5
|
More then 200 less then 500 beds
|
49
|
46
|
15
|
More then 50 but less then 200 beds
|
270
|
255
|
121
|
Less then 50 beds
|
3615
|
3300
|
1825
|
Others
|
707
|
638
|
337
|
Total
|
4659
|
4257
|
2303
|
Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000
June - 2009
Bed Capacity
|
Total No of Hospitals
|
Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator
|
No of hospitals having license
|
500 or more then 500 beds
|
17
|
15
|
4
|
More then 200 less then 500 beds
|
46
|
36
|
13
|
More then 50 but less then 200 beds
|
244
|
190
|
82
|
Less then 50 beds
|
3226
|
2519
|
898
|
Others
|
713
|
507
|
184
|
Total
|
4246
|
3267
|
1181
|
Status of Action Taken on concerned Hospitals and other isntitutions by the U.P. Pollution Control Board and Number of Hospitals in 2007-2008 under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998
March 2009
Bed Capacity
|
Total No of Hospitals
|
Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator
|
No of hospitals having license
|
500 or more then 500 beds
|
16
|
14
|
05
|
More then 200 less then 500 beds
|
43
|
31
|
07
|
More then 50 but less then 200 beds
|
238
|
170
|
97
|
Less then 50 beds
|
2853
|
2221
|
963
|
Others
|
586
|
480
|
207
|
Total
|
3736
|
2916
|
1279
|
Information on Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF)
Sr. No.
|
Name & Address of operator
|
Name of cities/Areas covered
|
1.
|
M/s Synergy Waste Management Co.Ltd. Subhartipuram.
|
Meerut,Baghpat,Noida,Ghaziabad,
Saharanpur
|
2.
|
M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Bhaunti, Kanpur
|
Kanpur
|
3.
|
M/s Willboard Enviro.Inc.Chaudharipur,
Kanpur .
|
Kanpur
|
4.
|
M/s Ferro Build Hards India(p) ltd; 83A, Maheva, Purabatti, Mirzapur Road. Allahabad .
|
Allahabad
|
5.
|
Nagar Nigam, Lucknow
|
Lucknow
|
6.
|
Balrampur Hospitals, Golaganj; Lucknow .
|
Lucknow
|
7.
|
M/s Medicare Inc.(p) Ltd.C-21, Meerut, Gulaothi Road UPSIDC Ind.Area Ghaziabad .
|
Ghaziabad, Noida, Moradabad,
Saharanpur
|
8.
|
Secretary IMA Mathura Vrindavan
|
Mathura, (presently closed)
|
9.
|
M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Bijauli, Jhansi .
|
Jhansi
|
10.
|
M/s Envirad medicare (p) Ltd. Road No.4 Parsakheda, Bareilly .
|
Bareilly, Moradabad
|
11.
|
M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Sawai, Etmadpur, Barhan Road, Agra .
|
Agra (closed at present)
|
12.
|
Centre for Pollution Control, Raja Ka Talab; Varanasi
|
Varanasi
|
13.
|
Fatima hospital, Lucknow
|
Lucknow
|
14.
|
M/s Synergy Waste Management Co. Ltd. Bareilly .
|
Bareilly
|
15.
|
M/s HAAT Incinerator India (p) Ltd.
Mathura Road, Aligarh .
|
Aligarh
|
16.
|
M/s Datt Enterprises Ltd. Etmadpur, Agra .
|
Agra
|
17.
|
M/s Pollution Solutions Mathura .
|
Mathura (presently closed)
|
SOURCE: U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Updated Progress Report
Year
|
No. of Identified HCF
|
Indiviual/CBWTF
|
No. of CBWTF
|
2001-2002
|
1831
|
293
|
6
|
2002-2003
|
2329
|
662
|
6
|
2003-2004
|
2769
|
730
|
11
|
2004-2005
|
3224
|
1581
|
12+3 (under construction)
|
2005-2006
|
3299
|
2049
|
16
|