Bio- medical waste

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care establishments in India are not giving due attention to their waste management. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.

Biomedical Waste Management Rules were adopted in 2000. Regulators and waste generators are still in the process of evolving strategies and action plans to implement this regulation. Given the early stage of public attention to this issue, the information base currently available does not elucidate on the nature and extent of the problem. UPSPCB is in the process of inventorising all categories of biomedical waste generation.

Quick estimates of biomedical waste

District wise biomedical waste generation potential is estimated based on the number of hospital beds. The total quantity if biomedical waste for UP is estimated at 20.7 MT per day. A WHO study has shown that, of the total biomedical waste, about 85 percent is non-infectious, 10 percent is infectious but non-hazardous and rest 5 percent is both infectious as well as hazardous in nature (CPCB, 2000).

Inadequate compliance from hospitals

Hospitals, which came under the regulatory purview of the UPSPCB for the first time, are reluctantly coming forward to seek approval for disposal of; biomedical waste, Of the 1624 hospitals identified in the state, only 344 (21%) either own or use common incineration facilities for disposal of biomedical waste. Even among these 344 hospitals, only 12 (<1%) have obtained approval from UPSPCB FOR disposal of biomedical waste.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES

The Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India has notified Bio- medical wastes (Handling and Management) Rules 1998 under section 6,8 and 25 of Environment (Protection) Act 1986. Rules have been subsequently amended in 2000. The rules have been framed to ensure protection of environment. Prescribed standards for handling and treatment and disposal of bio-medical wastes have been laid down along with responsibilities of concerned.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE - Segregation, Collection and Packaging

Collection Mode	Type of Waste	Treatment
Yellow Bags	Anatomical & Animal Waste,	Incineration
	Microbiology & Biotechnology	Deep burial
	Waste, Solid Waste (dressings etc.)

Red Bags	Microbiology, Solid Waste	Autoclaving/
	(Disposable plastic waste) and soiled	Microwaving
		chemical
		treatment

White	Sharps, plastic	Autoclaving
Plastic or		Chemical
puncture		treatment
proof containing

Black	Discarded medicines	Secured Landfill
	Incineration ash Chemicals

SOURCE: HTTP://EDUGREEN.TERI.RES.IN

Other standards for treatment

Standards for autoclaving have been prescribed and validation test also prescribed.
Standards for liquid waste have been prescribed.
Standards for microwave treatment have also been prescribed.
Standards for deep burial prescribed.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE

Incineration
Deep Burial
Autoclaving
Shredding
Needle cutters
Microwaving
Disinfection
Chemical Treatment (1% by hypochlorite soln.)
Secured Landfill

1.	Primary Chamber Temp.	800 + 500C
2.	Secondary Chamber Temp. Gas residence Time	1050 + 500C One second
3.	Only low sulphur fuel to be used	LDO/Diesel/LPG
4.	Emission (Fitted with APCS)	SPM 150 mg/Nm3 Nox 150 mg/Nm3 HCI 150 mg/Nm3
5.	Minimum Stack Height	30 Meter

DEEP BURIAL

TRENCH - 2 M DEEP to be half filled by waste
SOIL layer 10 cm after each disposal
LIME layer 30 cm
SOIL on top
FENCED And COVERED with wire net/mesh
FOR LESS THAN 5 LAC POPULATION TOWNS & RURAL AREAS

SOURCE: U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Status of CBWTF as on 10-06-2013

Sl. No.	Name & Address of CBWTF with phone no.	Name of cities/ areas covered by CBWTF	Total no. of HCFs being covered	Total no. of beds covered
I	M/s Synergy Waste Management (P) Ltd. Meerut Ph.O1 1-26933371. 011-26933372	Noida, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Saharanpur, Bijnore, Moradabad.	922	8873
2	M/s Bio Medical Waste Disposal Agcncey, Mathura Mobile-09412280833	Aligarh. Kashganj	216	3718
3	M/s Dutt Enterprises Ltd, 29,Alkapuri, Daya1bagh, Agra Mob. No. 9997981999	Mathura, Agra, Hathras, Aligarh, Mainpuri, Etah, Etawah, Shikohabad, Firozabad	677	6870
4	M/s Samb Ramkey Pvt. Ltd.,C-21, M.G. Road Ind. Area Ghaziabad.	Gaziabad, Noida, Meerut, Moradabad Hapur	545	8410
5	M/s Center for Pollution Control, Mohansarai, Varanasi	Varanasi, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Chandauli Balia , Sant ravidas Nagar	272	4898
6	M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee, D-4 Growth Centre, Bijoli, Jhansi 09628369361	Jhansi, La1itpur, Mahoba, Jalaun	1 52	2950
7	M/s SNG Mercantile Pvt. Ltd., Barailly CTF Viii. Benipur Chaudharj near city station Bareilly, 09411071936	Bareilly, Rampur, Pilibhit, Badaun Shahjahapur, Lakimpurkhiri, Jyoti Ba Phule Nagar	375	6236
8	Mls Senergy Waste Management Co, Ltd, Barabanki	Barabanki, Lucknow, Sitapur, Mahmudabad	250	6444
9	M/s MPCC Kanpur CTF 148, Bhaila Mau,Bhaila, Kanpur 9839111500	Kanpur, Unnao, Kanpur Dehat, Kannauj, Fatehpur, Banda, Auraiya, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot	411	5136
10	M/s Willward lnvirinc, Kanpur Nagar	Kanpur nagar	1 56	2064
II	M/s Ferro Build Hards (India) Pvt. Ltd. 83A, Maheba Purab Patti , Mirzapur Road, Naini, Allahabad-07, 09415322193	Allahabad, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Rae Baraeli	309	7296
12	M/s S.S. Medical System (Ind.) Pvt. Ltd, Mauayama Raibareli Road Faizabad, 09839022234	Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich, Shrawasti, Ambedkar Nagar, Balrampur, Barabanki, Lucknow	646	11000
13	M/s SNG Mercantile Pvt. Ltd., Plot no. D-33 U PSIDC, Industrial Area Khalilabad, 09670365114	Gorakhpur, Kusinagar, Deoria, Basti, Maharajganj, Siddharth Nagar, Khalilabad	220	4000

Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000

April - 2011

Bed Capacity	Total No of Hospitals	Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator	No of hospitals having license
500 or more then 500 beds	21	21	10
More then 200 less then 500 beds	51	48	19
More then 50 but less then 200 beds	263	247	135
Less then 50 beds	3921	3726	2760
Others	739	683	493
Total	4995	4725	3417

Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000

April - 2010

Bed Capacity	Total No of Hospitals	Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator	No of hospitals having license
500 or more then 500 beds	18	18	5
More then 200 less then 500 beds	49	46	15
More then 50 but less then 200 beds	270	255	121
Less then 50 beds	3615	3300	1825
Others	707	638	337
Total	4659	4257	2303

Status of Hospitals & Nursing Home under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998 as amended 2000

June - 2009

Bed Capacity	Total No of Hospitals	Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator	No of hospitals having license
500 or more then 500 beds	17	15	4
More then 200 less then 500 beds	46	36	13
More then 50 but less then 200 beds	244	190	82
Less then 50 beds	3226	2519	898
Others	713	507	184
Total	4246	3267	1181

Status of Action Taken on concerned Hospitals and other isntitutions by the U.P. Pollution Control Board and Number of Hospitals in 2007-2008 under Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 1998

March 2009

Bed Capacity	Total No of Hospitals	Having treatment facility or attached to combined incinerator	No of hospitals having license
500 or more then 500 beds	16	14	05
More then 200 less then 500 beds	43	31	07
More then 50 but less then 200 beds	238	170	97
Less then 50 beds	2853	2221	963
Others	586	480	207
Total	3736	2916	1279

Information on Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF)

Sr. No.	Name & Address of operator	Name of cities/Areas covered
1.	M/s Synergy Waste Management Co.Ltd. Subhartipuram.	Meerut,Baghpat,Noida,Ghaziabad, Saharanpur
2.	M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Bhaunti, Kanpur	Kanpur
3.	M/s Willboard Enviro.Inc.Chaudharipur, Kanpur .	Kanpur
4.	M/s Ferro Build Hards India(p) ltd; 83A, Maheva, Purabatti, Mirzapur Road. Allahabad .	Allahabad
5.	Nagar Nigam, Lucknow	Lucknow
6.	Balrampur Hospitals, Golaganj; Lucknow .	Lucknow
7.	M/s Medicare Inc.(p) Ltd.C-21, Meerut, Gulaothi Road UPSIDC Ind.Area Ghaziabad .	Ghaziabad, Noida, Moradabad, Saharanpur
8.	Secretary IMA Mathura Vrindavan	Mathura, (presently closed)
9.	M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Bijauli, Jhansi .	Jhansi
10.	M/s Envirad medicare (p) Ltd. Road No.4 Parsakheda, Bareilly .	Bareilly, Moradabad
11.	M/s Medical Pollution Control Committee Sawai, Etmadpur, Barhan Road, Agra .	Agra (closed at present)
12.	Centre for Pollution Control, Raja Ka Talab; Varanasi	Varanasi
13.	Fatima hospital, Lucknow	Lucknow
14.	M/s Synergy Waste Management Co. Ltd. Bareilly .	Bareilly
15.	M/s HAAT Incinerator India (p) Ltd. Mathura Road, Aligarh .	Aligarh
16.	M/s Datt Enterprises Ltd. Etmadpur, Agra .	Agra
17.	M/s Pollution Solutions Mathura .	Mathura (presently closed)

SOURCE: U.P. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Updated Progress Report

Year	No. of Identified HCF	Indiviual/CBWTF	No. of CBWTF
2001-2002	1831	293	6
2002-2003	2329	662	6
2003-2004	2769	730	11
2004-2005	3224	1581	12+3 (under construction)
2005-2006	3299	2049	16